Verbal Behavior Essay -- Analysis, Skinner

Skinner's book â€Å"Verbal Behavior,† first published in 1957, presented his ideas about the influence of language can be used in the framework for behavioral research and analysis. The main argument presented by Skinner was that verbal behavior was different than other forms of behavior and deserved to be separated in a distinctive category, and Skinner considered language development as the result of mediation of other people while nonverbal behavior was enforced through the physical environment. Skinner defined the basic verbal operants in his analysis of verbal behavior, which include the mand, tact, intraverbal, echoic, and the autoclitic operants, and he distinguished the type of consequence for each operant. Furthermore, the theory defines the audience as a discriminative stimulus that will affect language development as it gives the signs of possible rewards or punishment. There was no previous research on the topic, so the lack of data available for writing the book and lack of experiments in the book, and the theory was subject to severe criticism and ignored in the academic community for several decades after it was published (McPherson, Bonem, Green, & Osborne, 1984). Although Skinner's language development theory was not accepted in the academic community or applied frequently in research until the 1990s (Sundberg, & Michael, 2001), Skinner's verbal behavior theory successfully defines verbal operants relevant to the basic behavioral principles. This essay will show that the main implication to the development of this theory is the severe criticism of Skinner's theory as unsound and consisted of plagiarized traditional ideas. Despite the criticism against Skinner's theory, it is questionable if the criticism itself prov... ...tals of language development, applying Skinner's theory could rule out those errors and prove to be successful in its applications. Rather than criticizing Skinner's theory based on the lack of empirical evidence presented in his book, or denying the effectiveness of the theory for several seemingly irrelevant reasons, such as the unclear definition of its correlation to a neurological-genetic theory (MacCorquodale, 1970), empirical research should provide clear evidence on the credibility of Skinner's theory. Although the entire theory does not have to be proven successful, several aspects of Skinner's theory have proven successful in conducting behavioral interventions (Sundberg & Michael, 2001). Recent studies show increased use of Skinner's language development framework, so the criticism against the theory was obviously a major implication to its development.

Meal time behavioral cultural differences Essay

Burping and slurping at the dinner table, how disgusting? In our culture such behaviors aren’t acceptable along with eating with our hands or even eating food off the floor after we have dropped it. Much to my surprise, after doing some research, all of those unacceptable behaviors that we have grown up to avoid at the dinner table are accepted by other cultures around the world. Everyone is different, especially our cultures. I mainly discovered that what we find acceptable in our culture as good mealtime behaviors is disrespectful in other cultures. Also, what we find rude other cultures find acceptable at the dining table. In Muslim cultures, instead of using utensils they use their right hand to eat food. The reasoning behind them using their right hand is that they generally use their left hand for hygiene purposes. Muslims consider their left hand â€Å"unclean† when it comes to eating. In America, we begin teaching our children how to use utensils as early as 12 months old. Yes, we do have foods in American that are made to be eaten with our hands, but for those foods that aren’t â€Å"finger foods,† we are to use good manners and use our utensils. Also in Muslim cultures, if someone drops bread on the floor all they have to do is pick it up, kiss the bread, and raise it to his or her forehead before putting the bread back on their plate. Muslims consider this action a sign of respect for their food and the hard work that went into making it. Dropping food on the floor is an automatic trip to the trashcan with the food that fell. We, Americans, know the dirt and germs that cover floors, so when food touches the ground we do not put it back on our plates, but simply make a trip to the trashcan. In Asian countries, eating all the food on your plate is a sign of disrespect host. The host thinks that they didn’t feed you enough. Napier-Fitzpatrick says, â€Å"They’ll keep refilling it, and if they run out, they’ll be upset that they didn’t have enough food for you. † In order to avoid showing disrespect to your host, Asians usually leave a small portion of food on his or her plate to show that he or she is full and that they appreciate the host’s generosity. In American, a lot of parents try to encourage their children to eat everything on their plate, although it is okay if a child doesn’t. As adults in America, when we eat everything on our plate, it is a sign of respect to the host, saying that we enjoyed the food given to us. Also, you may not refill your own glass. If you are thirsty and want to drink, you must refill another person’s glass at the table and how they show the generosity to you. Speaking of seconds, in Chile taking a second helping is offensive to the host and you must wait to be offered more food. Refills and second helpings in America is simply just a sign of a person still being hungry or thirsty. There is no disrespect in Americans wanting seconds or any type of process in receiving seconds. Ethiopians have a tradition called gursha, hand-feeding each other. They say this tradition shows hospitality to build trust and social bonds between one another between those who are sharing their food. Not only do Americans make sure we use our utensils while eating, but if we were to feed another person at our table, we would be sure to use a utensil to do so. Our thoughts on feeding ourselves or even one another with our hands is simple, it’s unsanitary. In Japan and China, slurping your noodles shows the host your appreciation for the meal they have served you. The host takes slurping as a compliment. Also in China and Taiwan, a small burp at the end of a meal shows the host that you have eaten well and they take that as a compliment. In America, if someone made noises at the table with their food, they would be asked to stop because it shows bad manners at the table. Burping at the table is also found to be disrespectful because once again it shows bad manners. Meal timing in America is also very different to other countries. Midday is when other countries have their main meal for the day. Americans have their main meal after their workday. We call our evening meal â€Å"dinner,† this word signifies a midday meal in other countries. Our main meal is usually served around 6pm, while in other countries such as Spain they eat their supper around 10pm. Also, Americans have a meal that we call â€Å"brunch,† a meal between breakfast and lunch, a foreign visitor would think of this meal timing baffling. There are several differences between our culture and other cultures around the world on what we consider good and bad table manners. Seems as though what we find as good manners aren’t good in other countries and vice versa with bad manners. Although we may not find certain behaviors â€Å"good manners,† doesn’t mean we can’t learn and teach these behaviors to our classrooms. It is very important for teachers to teach these different cultural meal time behaviors because it’s very important for children to know about other cultures other than their own, and also because we don’t want children to be considered disrespectful if they ever encounter such cultures. The best way for children to learn these different cultures is to talk about them and even practice them. I would make a lesson plan all about good table manners and bad table manners. Teaching our children about other cultures is very important, but we also need to be sure they know our good and bad table manners first. There are several ways to approach on how to incorporate other cultures. During my circle time, I would start by doing only one culture per day. The things to discuss during our circle time would be to state the culture we are discussing, ask the children what they know about that culture, ask the children what they want to know about that culture (for further discussions on other days), and then tell the children about the culture, while giving them time to respond on what their thoughts were. Just telling children about culture isn’t enough; they need to experience it themselves. During meal times, breakfast, snack, and lunch, I would allow my classroom to partake in the new cultural behaviors that they learned about. It is also important to let the children reflect on what they have learned about hearing about the culture and physically being able to experience the culture. It is very important for children to experience the different cultures of children that are in the same classroom as them. The best way to do that is to allow the child of a different culture to tell his friends about himself and culture. This way the children get a firsthand experience. Including the child’s parents and allowing them to come into the classroom and interact with the children while teaching about their culture is a great way to include families into the classroom. When teaching children about different cultures, teachers need to be sure that we include all children of all different cultures, along with their families, and to make sure we do it in a respectable manner. Works Cited â€Å"Dining Customs of Different Cultures. † Familyeducation. com. 5 Oct. 2014 http://life. familyeducation. com/cross-cultural-relations/behavior/48976. html â€Å"Dining Manners Around the World. † Parents. com. 5 Oct. 2014 http://www. parents. com/kids/responsibility/manners/dining-manners-around-the-wor ld.

Linux Security Final Review

Allows the connection of hub to hub or switch without having to use a special cable 2. Which data speed and maximum cable length is not used for Category e/6 cabling? Anything other than mezzo/mobcaps (Caste) and up to mezzo, class E/mobcaps, Gossips but at a distance less than 100 meters (Cat) both up to 100 meters. (Page 59. ) 3. What do the links lights on a hub or switch represent? That the transmit and receive pairs are properly aligned and the connected devices are communicating . 4. What does the link light on a NICE present?Connectivity to the network. 5. What is an echo request relative to computer networking? It Is part of the IGMP protocol that requests a reply from a computer. (Page 40) 6. What Is the command used on a PC to display the MAC address? Upcoming/all 7. What is the command used on a Linux machine to display the IP address? Facing 8. What is the maximum length of a horizontal cable run that still allows for the length of the patch cables and extra cabling on ea ch end? 90 meters 9. A data problem is reported to the network administrator. The problem Is found to be tit the HTTP network connection.What would the network administrator do to isolate the problem. Test the link, perform a traceries command, depends on what type of problem is occurring with the cabling. 10. Describes interconnection of Lana within a limited geographic area. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) (page 5) 1 1 . Which describes an Ethernet system operating at 100 Mbps? Fast Ethernet or Bassett (page 32) 12. What is another term for network congestion? Bottleneck (page 59) 13. A network address of 192. 168. 6. 0 and a subnet mask of 255. 255. 254. 0 can be Ritter In CIDER as? 92. 168. 168. 0/3 (page 180) 14. The three packets exchanged at the beginning of a TCP connection between two ports are: SYNC, SYNC*JACK, & JACK (page 1 59) 15. IP addresses are assigned by which of the following? ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers (page 173) 16. The connection to a router's console port input is typically which of the following? RSI-232 serial communications port using an RAJA-45 lack to connect to Its Interface (page 201 ) 17. What is the help command In the CISCO ISO? â€Å"? † is the universal help command (page 207) 18.AAU stands for: Attachment unit Interface (page 141) 19. The router interface most commonly used to Interconnect Lana to a campus network Is: Fast Ethernet (Chapter 9) 20. Serial Interfaces on a router are typically used to: used to interface to other serial devices (page 214) 21 . Clocking on the serial port of a router is set at the DATE end: False, it is DCE (page 215) 22. The purpose of a gateway is to allow data to enter and exit a LANA. True (page 145) 23. The command for saving the router's running-configuration to non-volatile memory Is: copy run start page 235) 24.The administrative distance of a static route is: 1 (page 246) 25. EIGRP is classified as which of the following: link-state protocol (page 257) 26. What a rea ID should be used for the Network backbone? Area O (page 251) 27. What does OSPF use to verify that two router links are communicating? â€Å"Hello Packets† (page 251 ) 28. Which file allocation table system Is best for very large multi gigabit drives today? NETS (New Technology File System (page 1 1 5) 29. Which of the following bus types 1 OFF roving similar services including server functions identifies which type of network?Peer-to-peer (page 510) 31 . Dynamically assigns IP addresses to machines as needed: DDCD Server (page 513) 32. A red â€Å"x† on a users account in Windows 2003/2000 indicates which of the following The user is locked out for having too many login attempt failures (page 553) 33. This server is used to service information requests from clients. Proxy Server (page 513) 34. Computer Viruses and Worms cause all of the following except: Virus causes annoyance, clogging up the mail server, denial of revive, data loss, open holes for others to acc ess your machine.Worms attack computers and can deny service to networks, they establish a â€Å"back door† in the infected computer enabling an attacker to access someone's computer (page 393) 35. â€Å"War Driving† is a term used to describe: someone driving with an antenna out the door of a vehicle, connected to a mobile device running Windows or Linux (page 394) 36. A true Firewall â€Å"Access Control List† is used to: Access list can be configured on a router, on a true dedicated firewall, or on the host computer (page 396) 37. AnIntrusion Detection system is designed to look for: (Select 2) looks for signatures and probing (page 404) 38. Telephony identifies which of the following technologies? Poi (Voice over ‘P) (page 488) 39. Which of the following have the greatest wireless data rate? 802. 1 In provides rates over 200+ Mbps (page 420) 40. What are the two North American and International optical standards? (Select two) SONNET (Synchronous Optica l network and SAD (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) (page 468) 41 . What is the meaning of the â€Å"2-Deep† rule?That the distribution in a building should only have he main distribution and the intermediate distribution that feeds the horizontal distribution to the work area (page 472) 42. True or False: Voice Over IP and Telephony are synonymous with each other. True (page 488) 43. Which Poi protocol provides for end-to-end secure communications by requiring user authentication: SIP (Secure Session Initiation Protocol) (page 489) 44. The following are all So concerns for Poi except: These are concerns: Jitter, Network latency and packet loss, & Queuing (page 495) 45.Using Linux, the command that lists the basic files in a rectory is: Is (page 565) 46. Using Linux, the command that deletes a files is: arm (page 571) 47. To display the previously entered commands stored in the Linux history buffer you would use: history (page 583) 48. Using Linux, the command that is similar t o the find or search command in Windows is: Greg (page 585) 49. The three major differences between industrial and commercial networks are: Hierarchy, Redundancy, & Determinism (page 619) 50. The Ethernet protocol developed for large industrial use is: Ethernet/IP or UDP or TCP (page 629)

Balanced Budget Amendment 1997 Analysis

Balanced Budget Amendment 1997 Analysis Balanced Budget Amendment Vu Luu    Introduction In March 4, 1997, the balanced budget amendment was defeated in the United States Senate by just one vote. Fast forward to the present, the United States is facing a $17 trillion deficit versus the $5 trillion in 1997. The question that remains to be asked is had the balanced budget amendment passed the United States Senate and approved by Congress in 1997, would we be facing the debt crisis that we are facing today? Based on my conclusion, the answer that I believe is no, the debt crisis would not have been as severe as it is today. In this paper I will argue why the United States need a national balanced budget amendment in the constitution. In particular, I will discuss the following points to back up my claim; future implications if no changes in policies and solving government spending. As the United States’ federal deficit continues to grow, many are asking for a balanced budget amendment to be added to the constitu tion. A balanced budget amendment would require the federal government not to spend more than it receives in revenue. This means it would be unconstitutional and against the law for the federal government to accumulate budget deficits. THE NATIONAL DEBT ISN’T GOING TO GO AWAY According to the 2012 Congressional Budget Office report, our current policies will eventually lead to a federal debt that would eventually reach a 90% gross domestic product by 2022, 109% by 2026, and 200% by 2037 (CBO 11). These estimates are based on the assumption that our current laws remain generally unchanged and that our spending policies which is the cause of the accumulation of budget deficits remain the same. The CBO budget estimates are also based on forecasts of economic state, demographic trends, and past experience. The other interesting estimate that the CBO reported was that even if there were general changes in our current laws, they estimate that the budget deficit would reach about 60 % of GDP by 2020 which is only 10% lower than our current situation (CBO 7). As indicated by the chart above, our annual deficit through 2021 would never drop below $1 trillion dollars under current policies. Although the main cause of the spike in deficit spending from 2008-2011 was mainly due to the recession, the Congressional Budget Office doesn’t believe the United States would recover under current laws. The balance budget amendment does allow exception, which in this case is the recession. If the national balance budget amendment was in place then after 2011, the annual deficit would only go down because of the radical budget changes in programs. It’s pretty apparent that the money we are borrowing is increasing more and more, but what will happen when it reaches that point when we have to start repaying these loans? The government textbook gives us a great example of what happened to Greece when they couldn’t pay off all their loans. The interest rates o n Greek government went way up and by 2011, they had to pay 25% to obtain a two-year loan from private sector (Sidlow 6). Compared to the United States, we are paying a mere 0.44% compared to the 25% Greece had to pay. The ending results in the Greek government shut out of private borrowing and had to depend on other European countries. The Greece example and the CBO’s estimates are huge future implications and urge for huge changes in our policies which I believe is the federal balanced budget amendment.

Cash Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cash Accounting - Essay Example You also have to satisfy the HP Revenue and Customs by clearing any VAT payment arrears to use the cash accounting scheme. When you start using the cash accounting scheme, it is must to use it for the whole business and it is desirable to continue it for a period of 2 years. However, you can quit the scheme at any moment, provided it does not contribute to your business as well as your accounting system does not support the necessary requirements for the scheme. While starting with cash accounting, you need to be very much careful that you do not re-account for any VAT on receipts and payments that are already dealt with. In cash accounting the main accounting record is kept in a cash book summarizing all the payments made and received. It has a separate column where you can specify the relevant VAT. In the cash book, you also need to record the corresponding tax invoices and provide an efficient system for cross referencing. The benefit of the cash accounting scheme primarily depends on the time period between the issuing of the sales invoice to receiving payments from the customers. Cash accounting is likely to be more beneficial when this time period extends.

Narrative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative - Assignment Example gold was brought from the Cherry creek placers after an advent to Omaha form the Rocky Mountains, whereby the precious metal was in goose quills (Morton, 2). Approximately 100,000 gold seekers had set out for Colorado in 1859, though less than a half of that number reached the pike’s Pike region. On the other hand, the invasion of the prospectors, merchants and promoters settled in Denver, which they considered a significant regional center. Therefore, this made the city a substantial destination point for immigrants and stage routers, since around nineteen guidebooks for immigrants were published during the period between 1858 and 1859. Bob Womack was the prospector who discovered the rich gold ore, which touched the off Cripples Creek Gold Rush, and this reached the country at the western slopes of Pike Peak that became the settlement area for other prospectus. After the discovery of gold in Colorado, there were substantial prospects of gold trading as an appearing business venture, other than the food and pack animals. In this case, people took a shovel, a gold pan, and they required to be determined in order to get in to the gold business. In this case, numerous gold seekers set out for St Louis, which was a bus trading and supply center at the meeting point of Missouri and Mississippi river. In conclusion, the paper has offered an overview of various accounts relating to the discovery of gold in Colorado, which relates to the location of the gold fields and the migration of miners searching for gold. Moreover, the story points out that discovery of gold in Colorado were a relief for the miners who were unsuccessful in their gold exploration, in California. Therefore, the story has covered all the significant events that relate to the discovery of gold in Colorado. Morton Sterling.  "The Discovery of Gold in Colorado".  Transactions and Reports, Nebraska State Historical Society. Available

Film Close Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Close Analysis - Essay Example The next clip is also edited. 4 seconds Camera closeup of Douzi’s mother, Douzi is standing in the frame too but his image is blurred. His mother refuses to raise him at the brothel. She is crying and making sniffing sounds. Then she smiles and tried to cajole him. 5 seconds Long-shot of all three characters, Douzi’s mother sits down on her knees. Guan is seated far right of the frame across the table. He rises so his back is to the camera and asks her to leave. 2 seconds. Camera takes a close-up of Douzi and his mother. There is a loud clicking sound of the sharpening blades in the background. She covers his face with a scarf. Douzi tells her he can’t feel his hands they are so cold. 4 seconds Camera shows a medium shot of Douzi bent on a bench with this mother on the opposite side holding a knife. There is a loud clicking sound of a butcher’s knife. Douzi shivers several times and then removes the scarf. He looks at his decapitated hand. 5 seconds Medium shot of doors bursting open as Douzi’s mother rushes in carrying him. She has blood on her face, both are screaming and crying as she carries him. The camera stays focus on them as they move across the school. Other students rush after her. 3 seconds Next is a clip from the same room where they were holding a meeting with Guan. Douzi has escaped his mother’s grasp and is hiding under the table. He runs when she tries to reach for him. The camera shows a long shot of Douzi jumping across stairs and running into the veranda of the school. Other boys follow him. Boys try to grab him as Douzi runs. The finally catch him. Loud music plays. In this scene the character Douzi is introduced in the film, previously he was a by-stander to a street performance. From this point forward Douzi’s take up the main role in the film. In this scene, Xiao Douzi is taken to an Opera school by his mother. The teacher Master Guan spots his superfluous finger and refuses to admit him as his student. His